➕ Operator Overloading

1. Giới thiệu

Kotlin cho phép overload các operators (toán tử) cho các kiểu dữ liệu tự định nghĩa. Điều này cho phép sử dụng cú pháp tự nhiên như a + b, a[i], a in collection với các class của bạn.

2. Arithmetic Operators

Plus, Minus, Times, Div, Rem

Expression	Function name
a + b	a.plus(b)
a - b	a.minus(b)
a * b	a.times(b)
a / b	a.div(b)
a % b	a.rem(b)

data class Point(val x: Int, val y: Int) {
    operator fun plus(other: Point) = Point(x + other.x, y + other.y)
    operator fun minus(other: Point) = Point(x - other.x, y - other.y)
    operator fun times(scale: Int) = Point(x * scale, y * scale)
}

fun main() {
    val p1 = Point(10, 20)
    val p2 = Point(5, 10)

    println(p1 + p2)    // Point(x=15, y=30)
    println(p1 - p2)    // Point(x=5, y=10)
    println(p1 * 3)     // Point(x=30, y=60)
}

Unary Operators

Expression	Function name
+a	a.unaryPlus()
-a	a.unaryMinus()
!a	a.not()
++a, a++	a.inc()
--a, a--	a.dec()

data class Counter(val value: Int) {
    operator fun unaryMinus() = Counter(-value)
    operator fun inc() = Counter(value + 1)
    operator fun dec() = Counter(value - 1)
}

fun main() {
    var counter = Counter(5)

    println(-counter)    // Counter(value=-5)
    println(++counter)   // Counter(value=6)
    println(--counter)   // Counter(value=5)
}

3. Compound Assignment Operators

Expression	Function name
a += b	a.plusAssign(b)
a -= b	a.minusAssign(b)
a *= b	a.timesAssign(b)
a /= b	a.divAssign(b)

class MutablePoint(var x: Int, var y: Int) {
    operator fun plusAssign(other: MutablePoint) {
        x += other.x
        y += other.y
    }
}

fun main() {
    val point = MutablePoint(10, 20)
    point += MutablePoint(5, 5)
    println("(${point.x}, ${point.y})")  // (15, 25)
}

Lưu ý: Nếu định nghĩa cả plus và plusAssign, Kotlin sẽ ưu tiên plusAssign cho += với var.

4. Comparison Operators

equals (==, !=)

data class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {
    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
        if (other !is Person) return false
        return name == other.name && age == other.age
    }

    override fun hashCode() = name.hashCode() * 31 + age
}

fun main() {
    val p1 = Person("Alice", 30)
    val p2 = Person("Alice", 30)
    val p3 = Person("Bob", 25)

    println(p1 == p2)   // true
    println(p1 == p3)   // false
    println(p1 != p3)   // true
}

Note: data class tự động generate equals() và hashCode().

compareTo (<, >, <=, >=)

Expression	Function call
a > b	a.compareTo(b) > 0
a < b	a.compareTo(b) < 0
a >= b	a.compareTo(b) >= 0
a <= b	a.compareTo(b) <= 0

data class Version(val major: Int, val minor: Int, val patch: Int) : Comparable<Version> {
    override fun compareTo(other: Version): Int {
        return when {
            major != other.major -> major - other.major
            minor != other.minor -> minor - other.minor
            else -> patch - other.patch
        }
    }
}

fun main() {
    val v1 = Version(1, 0, 0)
    val v2 = Version(2, 0, 0)
    val v3 = Version(1, 5, 0)

    println(v1 < v2)    // true
    println(v3 > v1)    // true
    println(v1 <= v1)   // true
}

5. Indexed Access Operators

get và set

Expression	Function call
a[i]	a.get(i)
a[i, j]	a.get(i, j)
a[i] = b	a.set(i, b)
a[i, j] = b	a.set(i, j, b)

class Matrix(private val rows: Int, private val cols: Int) {
    private val data = Array(rows) { IntArray(cols) }

    operator fun get(row: Int, col: Int): Int {
        return data[row][col]
    }

    operator fun set(row: Int, col: Int, value: Int) {
        data[row][col] = value
    }
}

fun main() {
    val matrix = Matrix(3, 3)
    matrix[0, 0] = 1
    matrix[1, 1] = 5
    matrix[2, 2] = 9

    println(matrix[0, 0])  // 1
    println(matrix[1, 1])  // 5
}

Ví dụ với Map-like class

class MutableProperties {
    private val map = mutableMapOf<String, Any?>()

    operator fun get(key: String): Any? = map[key]
    operator fun set(key: String, value: Any?) {
        map[key] = value
    }
}

fun main() {
    val props = MutableProperties()
    props["name"] = "Alice"
    props["age"] = 30

    println(props["name"])  // Alice
    println(props["age"])   // 30
}

6. in Operator (contains)

Expression	Function call
a in b	b.contains(a)
a !in b	!b.contains(a)

data class Rectangle(val x: Int, val y: Int, val width: Int, val height: Int) {
    operator fun contains(point: Point): Boolean {
        return point.x in x until (x + width) &&
               point.y in y until (y + height)
    }
}

data class Point(val x: Int, val y: Int)

fun main() {
    val rect = Rectangle(0, 0, 100, 100)
    val p1 = Point(50, 50)
    val p2 = Point(150, 50)

    println(p1 in rect)   // true
    println(p2 in rect)   // false
    println(p2 !in rect)  // true
}

7. Range Operators

rangeTo (..)

Expression	Function call
a..b	a.rangeTo(b)
a..<b	a.rangeUntil(b)

data class Date(val year: Int, val month: Int, val day: Int) : Comparable<Date> {
    override fun compareTo(other: Date): Int {
        return compareValuesBy(this, other, Date::year, Date::month, Date::day)
    }

    operator fun rangeTo(other: Date) = DateRange(this, other)
}

class DateRange(
    override val start: Date,
    override val endInclusive: Date
) : ClosedRange<Date>, Iterable<Date> {

    override fun iterator(): Iterator<Date> = DateIterator(start, endInclusive)
}

class DateIterator(start: Date, private val end: Date) : Iterator<Date> {
    private var current = start

    override fun hasNext() = current <= end

    override fun next(): Date {
        val result = current
        current = current.nextDay()
        return result
    }
}

fun Date.nextDay(): Date {
    // Simplified next day logic
    return Date(year, month, day + 1)
}

fun main() {
    val start = Date(2024, 1, 1)
    val end = Date(2024, 1, 3)

    for (date in start..end) {
        println(date)
    }
}

8. Invoke Operator

Cho phép gọi object như function:

class Greeter(private val greeting: String) {
    operator fun invoke(name: String) {
        println("$greeting, $name!")
    }
}

fun main() {
    val greeter = Greeter("Hello")
    greeter("Alice")   // Hello, Alice!
    greeter("Bob")     // Hello, Bob!
}

Ví dụ: Builder pattern

class HtmlBuilder {
    private val content = StringBuilder()

    operator fun invoke(block: HtmlBuilder.() -> Unit): String {
        block()
        return content.toString()
    }

    fun div(text: String) {
        content.append("<div>$text</div>")
    }

    fun p(text: String) {
        content.append("<p>$text</p>")
    }
}

fun main() {
    val html = HtmlBuilder()

    val result = html {
        div("Hello")
        p("World")
    }

    println(result)  // <div>Hello</div><p>World</p>
}

9. Iterator và Destructuring

Iterator operator

class Countdown(private val start: Int) {
    operator fun iterator(): Iterator<Int> {
        return object : Iterator<Int> {
            private var current = start
            override fun hasNext() = current >= 0
            override fun next() = current--
        }
    }
}

fun main() {
    for (i in Countdown(5)) {
        print("$i ")  // 5 4 3 2 1 0
    }
}

Destructuring (componentN)

class Person(val name: String, val age: Int, val city: String) {
    operator fun component1() = name
    operator fun component2() = age
    operator fun component3() = city
}

fun main() {
    val person = Person("Alice", 30, "NYC")

    val (name, age, city) = person
    println("$name, $age, $city")  // Alice, 30, NYC

    // Bỏ qua một số components
    val (n, _, c) = person
    println("$n from $c")  // Alice from NYC
}

Note: data class tự động generate componentN() functions.

10. Extension Operator Functions

Có thể định nghĩa operators như extension functions:

// Extension operator cho String
operator fun String.times(n: Int): String {
    return this.repeat(n)
}

// Extension operator cho List
operator fun <T> List<T>.times(n: Int): List<T> {
    return (1..n).flatMap { this }
}

fun main() {
    println("Ha" * 3)              // HaHaHa
    println(listOf(1, 2) * 3)      // [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
}

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📝 Tóm tắt

Category	Operators	Functions
Arithmetic	+, -, *, /, %	plus, minus, times, div, rem
Unary	+a, -a, !a, ++, --	unaryPlus, unaryMinus, not, inc, dec
Comparison	==, !=	equals
Comparison	<, >, <=, >=	compareTo
Index	a[i], a[i] = b	get, set
Contains	in, !in	contains
Range	.., ..<	rangeTo, rangeUntil
Invoke	a()	invoke

Best practices:

• Chỉ overload operators khi có ý nghĩa logic rõ ràng
• Operators nên có behavior nhất quán với kỳ vọng của người dùng
• Sử dụng data class để tự động có equals, hashCode, componentN